Browsing by Author "PERISHITHAA M. GANESAN"
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- ThesisRestrictedEffectiveness of Pharmacist-led Educational Interventions on the Knowledge and Risk Factors of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Among the General Public of Klang Valley, Malaysia(IMU University, 2026)PERISHITHAA M. GANESANBackground Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) is an endemic cancer in Malaysia, yet public awareness regarding its risk factors, signs, and symptoms remains insufficient, contributing to late-stage diagnosis. To address this issue, a pharmacist-led educational approach was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of a pharmacist-led educational intervention on the Knowledge and risk factors of NPC among the general public in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Method A quasi-experimental, single-group pre-test and post-test design was employed among a sample of the general public. The intervention consisted of a standardized, pharmacist delivered 7 days online educational session, during which images and videos related were shared and discussed, focusing on NPC risk factors (e.g., smoking, alcohol, ethnicity) and symptoms. Data on knowledge and risk factors were collected immediately before and after the intervention using a validated questionnaire. Results The study included a total of 400 participants in the pre-intervention phase and 193 participants in the post-intervention phase, with ages ranging from 18 to 80 years. Knowledge about the prevalence of NPC among the population increased significantly from 36.8% before the intervention to 99.5% after the intervention (p = 0.001). In the post-intervention phase, 99.45% of participants correctly identified the throat, and 1.55% identified the nose as the organ affected by NPC. Before the intervention, only 13.3% of participants rated their knowledge as “good,” while 43.8% described it as “medium” and 43.0% as “poor.” Post-intervention results showed a dramatic improvement, with 96.4% of participants rating their knowledge as “good,” 3.6% as “medium,” and none as “poor.” Similarly, before the intervention, only 26.25% (n =105) reported being familiar with treatment approaches, while 57.0% (n = 228) were unfamiliar and 16.75% (n = 67) were unsure. After the intervention, 99.48% (n = 192) indicated familiarity with treatment options, 0.52% (n = 1) remained unfamiliar, and no participants expressed uncertainty. Conclusion Knowledge of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), including its signs, symptoms, and risk factors, was very limited among participants at baseline. However, it improved significantly following the pharmacist-led educational intervention. This intervention proved effective in establishing a general knowledge baseline and reducing disparities related to participants’ prior educational backgrounds. Future public health programs should be tailored to address the unique cognitive and behavioural determinants associated with high-risk groups. Keywords: Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, NPC, cancer, risk factors, knowledge, general public, public awareness, EBV virus