Publication: ISOLATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF ACANTHAMOEBA ISOLATES IN MALAYSIA
Date
2009-08
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Publisher
International Medical University
Abstract
Acanthamoeba parasites as aetiological agents for the sight threatening Acanthamoeba keratitis and the rare granulomatous amoebic encephalitis in humans were officially recognised in the 1970s. Since then, increasing numbers of Acanthamoeba-associated keratitis and encephalitis cases have been reported worldwide. In Malaysia, the first Acanthamoeba keratitis case was reported in 1995, in Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The first case was a female patient contact lens wearer. Subsequently, several more keratitis cases have been diagnosed in patients at the Hospital Kuala Lumpur and Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. However, reports of these cases have not been officially published. Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis has also been diagnosed in Hospital Universiti Sains, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia, but the report has not been officially published. Although Acanthamoeba organisms are ubiquitously distributed in the nature, only a few species are pathogenic to human. Many research groups have carried out studies on parasite characteristics which contribute to Acanthamoeba pathogenicity. Characteristics such as tolerance to high temperature, high osmotic pressure, extreme pH, ability to kill target cells in vitro and to cause pathological lesions in experimental animals, are usually evaluated for clinical isolates of Acanthamoeba. These properties are also useful indicators for predicting the pathogenicity of environmental isolates of Acanthamoeba. In Malaysia, thus far, no pathogenicity study has been conducted on any of the local isolates. The current study is based on isolates of Acanthamoeba spp. from dust samples of air-conditioners in Malaysia. These isolates were assessed for their pathogenic potential based on their physical tolerance to harsh growth condition, presence of molecular markers associated with pathogenicity, the ability to cause glial cell death in vitro and to infect and cause lesions in Balb/c mice. Prior to the pathogenicity characterisation, theidentities of these isolates were determined morphologically and molecularly. The associated mechanism for pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba was investigated using electron microscopy. Acanthamoeba organisms were cultured from dust samples using NNA culture plates incubated at ambient temperature (26C 2C) for up to a month. Twenty-four primary cultures were tested positive for Acanthamoeba spp. based on microscopy and PCR detection. Selected environmental isolates were axenised using HCl acid and gentamicin treatment to eliminate bacteria contaminants. Established axenic Acanthamoeba strains were determined for their clonality using PCR and sequencing. Twenty-one pure-cloned isolates designated as IMU1 to IMU21, were characterised morphologically and molecularly. Two keratitis isolates designated HTH136 and HKL55 were also included in the study. Both clinical isolates were similarly axenised and characterised morphologically and molecularly. Five species were identified according to the morphological criteria of Pussard and Pons (1977) and Page (1988) keys. These species were A. castellanii (IMU1 to IMU3, IMU6, IMU7, IMU9 and IMU18); A. culbertsoni (IMU10 to IMU13); A. griffini (IMU14); A.lenticulata (IMU16 and IMU17), and A. polyphaga (IMU8, IMU19 and HTH136). Species identities for the remaining six isolates (IMU4, IMU5, IMU15, IMU20, IMU21 and HKL55), however, could not be determined morphologically. At molecular characterisation, IMU14 was placed into T3 genotype; IMU16 and IMU17 were clustered in T5 genotype whereas the two clinical isolates and other environmental isolates were placed into T4 genotype. To predict the potential pathogenicity of the Acanthamoeba isolates used in the study, PCR primer pairs which could differentiate the pathogenic from non-pathogenic strains, temperature tolerance tests and osmotic tolerance tests were employed. Many isolates were predicted as potential pathogens based on the results of these tests. The virulence of the potential pathogenic strains was further confirmed by their ability to cause glial cell death in in vitro cytopathogenic assays. Seven environmental isolates (IMU9, IMU10, IMU14, IMU16, IMU17, IMU18 and IMU19) and the two clinical isolates (HTH136 and HKL55) were selected for pathogenicity studies in Balb/c mice. At 30 days post-infection, none of the mice succumbed to the infection with any of the Acanthamoeba isolates tested. However, pathological changes were detected in the liver and lung of mice infected with all the tested Acanthamoeba isolates. The lung was the main organ affected by Acanthamoeba. Infection caused by the more virulent Acanthamoeba isolates resulted in bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia, and interstitial pneumonia whereas infection by the less virulent isolates provoked mild interstitial lung inflammation. Trophozoites were only occasionally seen within lung tissues. Often, Acanthamoeba organisms were not detected in these lesions; immune complex deposition was probably the predominant cause for the chronic inflammation in affected organ. It has been reported that the clinical and histopathological features of Acanthamoeba infection in humans and mice are essentially the same. Since there are similar pathological changes seen in mice infected with clinical isolates and the environmental isolates tested in the present study, it is concluded that these seven environmental strains can be considered as potential human pathogenic isolates. Electron microscopy was employed to gain some insight into the mechanism of glial cell death caused by one of the experimentally pathogenic strain - IMU17. Electron microscopy showed that the physical contact of Acanthamoeba trophozoites to glial cells could trigger apoptosis and necrosis of the target cells. Phagocytosis of glial cells by trophozoites was also observed.
To our knowledge, this is the first report presenting the isolation and molecular characterisation of potential pathogenic Acanthamoeba spp. in indoor air-conditioners in Malaysia. Building occupants therefore should be aware of the risk of acquiring air-borne Acanthamoeba infection through the use of poorly maintained air-conditioners.
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Keywords
Acanthamoeba, Acanthamoeba Keratitis, Parasites, Neuroglia, Cell Death, Infection